Abstracts ofSICSA Publications

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Tracing the evolution of European nationalist ideology, from its revolutionary and liberal phase to the most xenophobic forms, emphasizes the complex interaction between those "dark sides" of nationalism and the shape of secular modern antisemitism, with special reference to Germany, Poland, the Hapsburg empire, and Tsarist Russia. Focuses on the negative stereotype of the Jew in German intellectual life, summarizing the ideas of the main theorists of modern antisemitism (e.g. Heinrich von Treitschke). Points out the rise of political antisemitism before and after World War I. In the context of the growth of antisemitic movements, discusses the weight of the Dreyfus Affair, blood libels (e.g. Tiszaeszlar, Polna, the Beilis trial), and the Kishinev pogrom in 1903. Examines the new stereotype of the Jew as the embodiment of the communist danger following the Bolshevik Revolution, as well as the propagandistic role of the "Protocols of the Elders of Zion." Outlines the Holocaust period, antisemitic policy in different European countries and the influence of Nazi ideology, viewed as the culmination of racist modern antisemitism. LV

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Contents:
• Ettinger, Shmuel: Jew-Hatred in Its Historical Context [Appeared in English in "Immanuel" 11 (1980).] (1-12);
• Stern, Menahem: Antisemitism in Rome (13-25);
• Herr, Moshe David: The Sages' Reaction to Antisemitism in the Hellenistic-Roman World (27-38);
• Rokeah, David: The Church Fathers and the Jews in Writings Designed for Internal and External Use (39-69);
• Stow, Kenneth Richard: Hatred of the Jews or Love of the Church: Papal Policy toward the Jews in the Middle Ages (71-89);
• Bonfil, Robert (Reuven): The Devil and the Jews in the Christian Consciousness of the Middle Ages (91-98);
• Rokeah, Zefira Entin: The State, the Church, and the Jews in Medieval England (99-125);
• Glatzer, Michael: Pablo de Santa Maria on the Events of 1391 (127-137);
• Breuer, Mordechai: The "Black Death" and Antisemitism (139-151);
• Kaplan, Yosef: Jews and Judaism in the Political and Social Thought of Spain in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries (153-160);
• Ben-Shammai, Haggai: Jew-Hatred in the Islamic Tradition and the Koranic Exegesis (161-169);
• Grossman, Avraham: The Economic and Social Background of Hostile Attitudes toward the Jews in the Ninth and Tenth Century Muslim Caliphate (171-187);
• Barnai, Jacob: "Blood Libels" in the Ottoman Empire of the Fifteenth to Nineteenth Centuries (189- 194);
• Bar-Asher, Shalom: Antisemitism and Economic Influence: The Jews of Morocco (1672-1822) (195-215);
• Porath, Yehoshua: Anti-Zionist and Anti- Jewish Ideology in the Arab Nationalist Movement in Palestine (217-226);
•  Harkabi, Yehoshafat: On Arab Antisemitism Once More (227-239);
•  Zimmermann, Moshe: From Radicalism to Antisemitism [On Wilhelm Marr. Appeared in slightly different form in "The Jerusalem Quarterly" 23 (1982). ] (241-254);
• Almog, Shmuel: The Racial Motif in Renan's Attitude to Jews and Judaism [Appeared in Hebrew in "Zion" 32 (1967).] (255-278);
• Katz, Jacob: The Preparatory Stage of the Modern Antisemitic Movement (1873- 1879) (279-289);
• Cohen, Richard I. (Yerachmiel): The Dreyfus Affair and the Jews (291-310);
• Gartner, Lloyd P.: The Two Continuities of Antisemitism in the United States (311-320);
• Avni, Haim: Argentina: A Case Study in Dimensions of Government Antisemitism [On the pogrom in Buenos Aires in January 1919.] (321-338);
• Katzburg, Nathaniel: Hungarian Antisemitism: Ideology and Reality (1920-1943) (339-348);
• Gutman, Yisrael: On the Character of Nazi Antisemitism (349-380);
• Bauer, Yehuda: Antisemitism in Western Europe (381-384);
• Stern, Frank: From Overt Philosemitism to Discreet Antisemitism, and Beyond: Anti-Jewish Developments in the Political Culture of the Federal Republic of Germany (385-404). SSC

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Tracing the evolution of European nationalist ideology, from its revolutionary and liberal phase to the most xenophobic forms, emphasizes the complex interaction between those "dark sides" of nationalism and the shape of secular modern antisemitism, with special reference to Germany, Poland, the Hapsburg empire, and Tsarist Russia. Focuses on the negative stereotype of the Jew in German intellectual life, summarizing the ideas of the main theorists of modern antisemitism (e.g. Heinrich von Treitschke). Points out the rise of political antisemitism before and after World War I. In the context of the growth of antisemitic movements, discusses the weight of the Dreyfus Affair, blood libels (e.g. Tiszaeszlar, Polna, the Beilis trial), and the Kishinev pogrom in 1903. Examines the new stereotype of the Jew as the embodiment of the communist danger following the Bolshevik Revolution, as well as the propagandistic role of the "Protocols of the Elders of Zion." Outlines the Holocaust period, antisemitic policy in different European countries and the influence of Nazi ideology, viewed as the culmination of racist modern antisemitism. LV

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A continuation of Volkmar Eichstaedt's "Bibliographie zur Geschichte der Judenfrage, Bd. 1: 1750-1848" (Hamburg, 1938). The present work contains 3734 items dealing with Jewish life, thought, and development (and largely with issues revolving around antisemitism) in Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Switzerland between 1848-1914. Lists books, pamphlets, and articles in journals and newspapers, both from that period and about the period, chiefly in German, with additional entries in other European languages and Hebrew. The book has four main divisions: Works on the Jewish Question, Literature and the Arts, Antisemitic Works, Apologetics. SSC

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Papers delivered at a conference in Jerusalem, October 1990. Contents:
• Kulka, Otto Dov: History and Historical Prognoses (9-11);
• Bauer, Yehuda: The Danger of Antisemitism in Today's Central Europe (13-24);
• Benz, Wolfgang: Antisemitism in East and West Germany: Will It Increase after Reunification? (25-33);
• Stern, Frank: The "Jewish Question" in the "German Question" 1945-1990: Reflections in the Light of November 9th (35- 51);
• Deak, Istvan: The Danger of Antisemitism in Hungary (53-61);
• Vago, Raphael: Antisemitism in the New Romania (63-74);
• Gutman, Yisrael: Polish Antisemitism in the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries: Will Things Ever Change? (75-81);
• Nosenko, Vladimir: The Upsurge of Antisemitism in the Soviet Union in the Years of Perestroika: Background and Causes (83-93);
• Avineri, Shlomo: The Return to History and Its Consequences for the Jewish Communities in Eastern Europe (95-101);
• Bauer, Yehuda: In Conclusion (103-106). SSC

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Emphasizes that the main danger in the current wave of antisemitism lies in three areas - Soviet antisemitism; the Third World, especially Arab and Muslim antisemitism; and antisemitism in the guise of anti-Zionism or virulent opposition to Israel and Israeli policies.

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Partial contents:
• Friedlaender, Saul: Confrontations of Memory: New Debates on Nazism and the "Final Solution" (13-30);
• Avineri, Shlomo: Antisemitism as a Political Tool (33-41);
• Cotler, Irwin: The United Nations (43-48);
• Ettinger, Shmuel: Soviet Antisemitism after the Six-Day War (49-56);
• Lewis, Bernard: Antisemitism in the Arab and Islamic World (57-66);
• Volkov, Shulamit: Western Antisemitism Today: An Evaluation (67- 75);
• Minerbi, Sergio Itzhak: Antisemitism and Politics (79-96);
• Friedan, Betty: Antisemitism as a Political Tool: Its Congruence with Anti-Feminism (97-124);
• Strauss, Herbert Arthur: Antisemitism as a Political Tool (125- 145);
• Sidorsky, David: Against the Idea of Antisemitism: Agenda Priorities, Empirical Disagreement, and Conceptual Issues (147-171); Wistrich, Robert Solomon: Anti-Zionism as an Expression of Antisemitism in Recent Years (175-187);
• Hansson (Gutman), Nelly: Antisemitism and Ideology (189-202);
• Stoehr, Martin: Antisemitism as an Ideology (203-214); Curtis, Michael: Antisemitism: The Baffling Obsession (217-236);
• Gutman, Yisrael: Denying the Holocaust (237-252);
• Rabinovich, Itamar: Antisemitism in the Muslim and Arab World [Appeared in "Anti-Semitism and Human Rights" (Melbourne: AIJA, 1985) - see Vol. 1, no. 66.] (253-268); Narkiss, Uzi: The Zionist Movement and the Struggle against Antisemitism (271-276);
• Perlmutter, Nathan: Methods Used in the Fight against Antisemitism (277-282);
• Herman, Simon N.: The Reaction of Jews to Antisemitism: A Framework for a Social Psychological Analysis (283-296);
• May, Michael: Antisemitism in the Extreme Right Press of the Federal Republic of Germany, United Kingdom and France (297-308);
• Oszlak, Oscar: Antisemitism in the Argentine: Authoritarian and Democratic Experiences (313-323);
• Hansson, Svante: Antisemitism: Scandinavia and Western Europe (325-327);
• Bauer, Yehuda: Summary (339-343);
• Herzog, Chaim: Conclusion (345-348). SSC

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The main expression of antisemitism in the USSR today is anti-Zionism. Discusses similarities between anti-Zionism and classical Tsarist antisemitism. Today different groups within Soviet society use antisemitism as a tool for political advancement or to curry favor with one or more groups. Describes attempts of Soviet propaganda to deligitimize the Jew.

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A revised version of a Ph.D. dissertation (Columbia University, 1982). Traces the intellectual evolution of the English theologian James Parkes (1896-1981), one of the pioneers on the field of the Jewish-Christian relations and the study of the Christian roots of antisemitism. Analyzes his theological writings and his attempt to construct a new Christian understanding of Judaism. Focuses, on ch. 5, "Antisemitism and a New Theology," pp.189-277, on his main books dedicated to this issue: "The Jew and His Neighbour" (1930); "The Conflict of the Church and the Synagogue" (1934), "An Enemy of the People: Antisemitism" (1945). In Parkes' view, the deicide charge was the taproot of Christian antisemitism, and he faults the Gospels and Paul as being sources of theological anti-Jewish hatred. States that in the postwar years, Parkes was among those who sees a direct connection between the Church teaching and the Holocaust, pleading for a "new theology" freed of its antisemitic tradition. LV

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The essence of the denial is directed against Zionism and Israel, though the thrust of the assault is directed against the entire Jewish people; it seeks to delegitimize the Jews and Zionism by identifying them with racism. Discusses the development of the Holocaust denial phenomenon - the methods, the motives, the leaders, the audience, and the Jewish reaction.

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The emergence in Russia of the antisemitic chauvinist movement, Pamyat, has startled Western society even as it has stirred deep fears and anxiety among Jews and democratic forces within Russia. How could a supposedly Communist society, whose founder, V. I. Lenin, had railed against racism and bigotry, give birth to a proto-fascist ideology and organization?

This study seeks to respond to this understandable, if provaocative, query. The roots of Pamyat's ideology can be traced to the tsarist Black Hundreds in the early part of the twentieth century, to certain aspects of Stalinism, and especially to the Soviet "anti-Zionist" campaign of 1967-1986. Although the antisemitic campaign was officially halted at the state level by Mikhail Gorbachev, the emerging Pamyat groups took advantage of the freer atmosphere of glasnost to continue to foster anti-Jewish hatred.

These nationalistic forces remain vital elements in contemporary Russian society, inevitably raising a profound sense of concern among Jews and the general community.

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A detailed analysis of the phenomenon of Holocaust denial, which originated in the myth of the Jewish conspiracy and radical anti-Jewish propaganda. Examines the activities and writings of Holocaust deniers in France (P. Rassinier, R. Faurisson), in the USA (H.E. Barnes, D.L. Hoggan, A.J. App, A. Butz, W.A. Carto, F. Leuchter), and in Great Britain (R.E. Harwood, D. Irving). Focuses on the propagandistic use of Holocaust denial by radical right and neo-Nazi groups, the activities of the Institute for Historical Review (IHR), and the penetration of Holocaust denial propaganda in American campuses. Describes the trials of Ernst Zundel in Canada, and the Mermelstein suit against the IHR. Mentions relativization of the Holocaust in the "historians' debate" in Germany. An appendix (pp. 223-235) deals with Holocaust deniers' allegations regarding the use of Zyklon B in Auschwitz, and the authenticity of the diary of Anne Frank. LV

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Reviews Protestant attitudes to Jews and Judaism in the 19th-20th centuries and discusses the place of the Jewish people and of a restored Israel in modern Christian thinking. The body of American Protestantism is founded on traditional teachings, and the bedrock of theological and cultural antisemitism still exists, although modified slightly over the years.

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Interwar Poland was home to more Jews than any other country in Europe. Its commonplace but simplistic identification with antisemitism was due largely to nationalist efforts to boycott jewish business. That they failed was not for want of support by the Catholic clergy, for whom the "Jewish question" was more than economic.

 The myth of a Masonic-Jewish alliance to subvert Chreistian culture first flourished in France but held considerable sway over Catholics in 1930s Poland as elsewhere. This book examines how, following Vatican policy, Polish church leaaders resisted separation of church and state in the name of Catholic culture. In that struggle, every assimilated Jew served as both a symbol and a potential agent of secularity.

Antisemitism is no longer regarded as a legitimate political stance. But in Europe, the United States, and the Middle East, the issues of religious culture, national identity, and minorities are with us still. This study of interwar Poland will throw light on dilemmas that continue to exercise even Western democracies.

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A translation of and commentary on the essay "Our Struggle with the Jews," by Sayyid Qutb (1906-1968), the Egyptian Muslim fundamentalist writer and activist. The translation of the essay, first published in the early 1950s, is given on pp. 72-87. Nettler emphasizes that the Muslim-Jewish political conflict over the existence of Israel has been accompanied by the growth of an anti-Jewish religious doctrine. Though founded on traditional themes, the view of the struggle with the Jews as a cosmic war is unprecedented in its emotional intensity and intellectual rigor. Surveys early Islam's essentially negative portrayal of the Jews as arrogant falsifiers of God's truth. Fundamentalism tries to revive the spirit of early Islam, presenting the Jews as a symbol of Western success and the cause of the crisis in Islam. Qutb's essay is an expression of these fundamentalist views, arguing that the Jews are a major and satanic threat to Islam and that Muslims can defeat them through a return to Islam. LF

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The first study of the relationship between the attitude to the Jews in contemporary texts and their corresponding representation in Eastern Art.

The analysis initially explores the documented antisemitic attitude of the Eastern Church and its pervasive influence on the role of the Byzantine Emperors. However, the author's discussion of the many illustrations of contemporary images (most reproduced in the West for the first time) shows that, unlike the Western art of the period, the Byzantine images aimed at an objective reflection of daily reality and were not subject to the antisemitic doctrines of the Church. The authenticity of the images is the hallmark of the Byzantine attitude to the Jews, in stark contrast to the grotesque and caricatural images of Western iconography.

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A collection based on papers delivered at the New York University School of Law (October 1985). Contents:
• Rosensaft, Menachem Z.: Antisemitism Remains a Threat to the Jewish People (1-5);
• Wiesel, Elie: Opening Remarks (9-13);
• Cotler, Irwin: International Antisemitism (15-22);
• Sobel, Ronald B.: Antisemitism in the Christian World: A Jewish Perspective (23- 25);
• Cargas, Harry James: Antisemitism in the Christian World: A Catholic Perspective (27-30);
• Littell, Franklin Hamlin: Antisemitism in the Christian World: A Protestant Perspective (31-37);
• Locke, Hubert G.: Black Protestantism and Antisemitism in America: A Reappraisal (39-43);
• Bauer, Yehuda: Closing Remarks (45-52);
• Korey, William: Soviet Antisemitism at the United Nations: Policy and Propaganda (53-107). LF

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Before 1967, Islamic fundamentalism, as embodied in the Muslim Brethren, sought to preserve the Muslim heritage against westernizing influences, and anti-Zionism was a marginal issue. After 1967, hot-headed young militants gave more prominence to anti-Zionist ideology. Since 1977-78 (due to Sadat's peace initiative, the Iranian revolution, and a younger leadership), and even more since the Lebanon War, anti-Zionism is presented as "the modern-day incarnation of the authentically Islamic hostility to the Jews." Jews are seen as the ever-present enemy who must be eliminated.

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Describes German attitudes to Jews from the last years of the Nazi regime to the first years of the Federal Republic, in the context of the occupying powers' efforts at denazification, re-education, and democratization. In the first months of the occupation, philosemitism was "good form"; soon, however, Germans expressed resentment against DPs, Holocaust denial, or the claim that German suffering equalled that of the Jews. Antisemitism amongst the occupying forces seemed to justify German attitudes. Summarizes opinion polls showing the persistence of antisemitism in a large percentage of the population. Analyzes the conduct of the universities and Churches, and unreflective perceptions of Nazi persecution of Jews among working-class Germans of the Ruhr. Discusses the development of "philosemitism" in the FRG - a stereotyped, superficially positive attitude to Jews - from a social norm to a touchstone of legitimacy that was to gain Germany re- admittance to the family of democratic nations. RW

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After surveying political and ideological antisemitism in modern Romanian history and its main exponents (Cuza, Iorga, Paulescu, Goga), discusses the evolution of antisemitic ideas in 1930s intellectual life, the importance of antisemitism in Iron Guard ideology, and the influence of its leader, Codreanu, and of extreme right-wing intellectuals (especially Nae Ionescu and N. Crainic) on representatives of the "young generation" of intellectuals (e.g. Eliade and Cioran). Emphasizes the link between antisemitic and anti-democratic and pro-fascist attitudes. Focuses on specific cases of evolution to radical antisemitism (e.g. Bratescu-Voinesti and Manoilescu), and deals with the contradictory case of Panait Istrati, a former left-wing militant. Mentions the use of anti-Jewish theological arguments, antisemitic stereotypes in literature, and forms of anti-Jewish discrimination in "free" professional associations. Underlines the great weight of the "Jewish threat" in Romanian nationalist thinking and its impact on cultural life. The 1930s represented the climax of this trend. LV

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The involvement of Vichy France with Nazi Germany's anti-Jewish policy has long been a source of debate and contention. At a time when France, after decades of denial, has finally acknowledged responsibility for its role in the deportation and murder of 75,000 Jews from France during the Holocaust, Richard H. Weisberg' here provides us with a comprehensive and devastating account of the French legal system's complicity with its German occupiers during the dark period known as "Vichy."

As in Germany, the exclusionary laws passed during the Vichy period normalized institutional antisemitism. Anti-Jewish laws entered the legal canon with little resistance, and private lawyers quickly absorbed the discourse of exclusion into the conventional legal framework, expanding the laws beyond their simple intentions, their literal sense, and even their German precedents.

Drawing on newly-available archival sources, personal interviews, and historical research, Weisberg reveals how legalized persecution actually operated on a practical level, often exceeding German expectations. Further, he presents a persuasive argument for Vichy law as an acquired Catholic response to a false notion of Jewish Talmudism. The book also compares the Vichy experience to American legal precedents and practices, and opens up the possibility that postmodern modes of thinking ironically adopt the complexity of Vichy reasoning to a host of reading and thinking strategies.

Vichy Law and the Holocaust in France raises fundamental and disturbing questions about the ease with which democratic legal systems can be subverted.

Richard H. Weisberg is the Walter Floersheimer Professor of Constitutional Law at the Benjamin N. Cardozo School of Law of Yeshiva University, and the author, most recently, of Poethics, and Other Strategies of Law and Literature.

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Antisemitism and anti-Zionism are antithetical ideologies; however, they have become interrelated and Israel is the prime focus for modern-day antisemitism. There is a conscious effort on the part of various bodies - the USSR primarily, but also the UN, the Left, Islamic fundamentalists, and others - to delegitimize Jewish self-definition.

Wistrich, Robert S., ed.: Demonizing the Other: Antisemitism, Racism, and Xenophobia. Chur: Harwood Academic Publishers, 1999.

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At the close of the twentieth century the stereotyping and demonizion of "others", whether on religions, nationalist, racist or political grounds, has become a burning issue. Yet comparitively little attention has been paid to how and why we fabricate images of the "other" as an enemy or "demon" to be destroyed. This innovative book fills that gap through an inter-disciplinary, cross-cultural approach that brings together a distinguished array of historians, anthropologists, psychoanalysts, literary critics, and feminists.

The historical sweep covers Greco-Roman Antiquity, the Middle Ages and the Modern Era. Antisemitism receives special attention because of its longevity and centrality to the Holcaust, but is analyzed here within the much broader framework of racism and xenophobia. The plurality of viewpoints expressed in this volume provide some fascinating insights into what is common and what is unique to the many varieties of prejudice, stereotyping, demonization, and hatred.

Contents: Robert S. Wistrich: Introduction: The Devil, The Jews, and Hatred of the “Other;”
Harumi Befu: Demonizing the “Other;” Yaacov Schul and Henri Zukier: Why Do Stereotypes Stick?
Ziva Amishai-Maisels: The Demonization of the “Other” in the Visual Arts;
Daniel R. Schwartz: Antisemitism and Other –isms in the Greco-Roman World;
Israel J. Yuval: Jews and Christians in the Middle Ages: Shared Myths, Common Language;
Hava Lazarus-Yafeh: Jews and Christians in Medieval Muslim Thought;
Henri Zukier: The Transformation of Hatred: Antisemitism as a Struggle for Group Identity;
Shmuel Almog: The Borrowed Identity: Neo-Pagan Reactions to the Jewish Roots of Christianity;
Shulamit Volkov: Exploring the Other: The Enlightenment’s Search for the Boundaries of Humanity;
Yael S. Feldman: Otherness and Difference: The Perspective of  Gender Theory;
Richard I. Cohen: Recurrent Images in French Antisemitism in the Third Republic;
Otto D. Kulka: The Critique of Judaism in Modern European Thought: Genuine Factors and Demonic Perceptions;
Saul Friedländer: “Europe’s Inner Demons”: The “Other” as Threat in Early Twentieth-Century European Culture;
Philippe Burrin: Nazi Antisemitism: Animalization and Demonization;
Simon Epstein: When the Demon Itself Complains of  Being Demonized;
John Felstiner: “All Poets are Yids”: The Voice of the “Other” in Paul Celan;
Yisrael Gutman: The Popular Image of the Jew in Modern Poland ;
Steven T. Katz: Mass Death under Communist Rule and the Limits of “Otherness”;
Ben-Ami Shillony: The Flourishing Demon: Japan in the Role of the Jews?
Rivka Yadlin: Anti-Jewish Imagery in the Contemporary Arab-Muslim World;
Dina Porat: The Protocols of the Elders of Zion: New Uses of an Old Myth;
Wolfgang Benz: The Motivations and Impact of Contemporary Holocaust Denial in Germany;
Robert S. Wistrich: Xenophobia and Antisemitism in the New Europe: The Case of Germany.

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Papers delivered at a symposium held in Jerusalem on "Fifty Years after the Racial Laws in Italy." Contents: Wistrich, Robert Solomon : Fascism and the Jews of Italy (13-18); Sznajder, Mario : The Fascist Regime, Antisemitism and the Racial Laws in Italy (19-36); Della Seta, Simonetta : Italian Zionism Confronts Fascism and the Racial Laws (37-48); Michaelis, Meir : The Current Debate over Fascist Racial Policy (49-96). SSC

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Examines hostile expressions towards Israel in Egypt of the 1980s. Focuses on the content and ideological context of these expressions, and their place in trends of thought in Egypt. Notes that the hostile attitudes are expressed as spontaneous public views and not directed by the regime, and that there are new motifs, such as the "cultural assault on the Egyptian mind." Analyzes the writings of three trends in the Egyptian conceptual spectrum: Nasserite pan-Arabism, the Islamic Left, and the Social Democrats of the establishment mainstream. Concludes that negation of Zionism and denial of Israel's right to exist is the current attitude in the Egyptian establishment. Moreover, Zionism and Judaism are intertwined in the writings. Anti-Zionism is thus inherently an expression of anti-Judaism, against Judaism both as culture and religion. Discusses recurrent motifs (e. g. the odium of the Jews, the sin of Jewish particularism, the Western aspect of Israel's culture), and the growing influence of traditional Islamic religiosity in Egypt. SSC

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